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N O M E N C L A T U R E
Augustus 2017: de lijst bereikte meer dan 1164 verschillende benamingen
August 2017: the list has
reached more than 1164 proper (and nick) names
Thanks to
the people who helped this list growing:
Lindsay
Porteous [Scotland], Frederick Crane [Iowa, USA], Tapani
Varis [Finnland], Henk van der Zee
[Netherlands], Georg Decristel
[Austria], Dr. Fred Gerrits
[Australia], Steev Kindwald [Far East/USA], Tran Quang Hai [Vietnam/France], Walter Maioli [Italy], Robert MacLennan [Queensland], Daniel Roy [Quebec, Canada], Michael Wright [Oxford, England], Pat Missin [Jackson, USA], Aksenty
Beskrovny [Siberia], Mathias
Esnault [France], Bernhard
Folkestad [Norway], Étienne
Rouleau-Mailloux [Quebec], Daniel Roy
[Canada], Atep Nata [Java], Palmer Keen [Java], Dr. Brian Diettrich [New
Zealand/Aotearoa] and others.
A special note for the person who has noticed that there are more names for the
Jew’s harp, but not mentioned in this list.
When you are that person, I will invite you to send me those names [with - as
much if possible - information about
the location, the people, languages, islands, nations, reference, year
etcetera]. Please write it to the e-mail address:
phonsbakxatgmaildotcom
You have to
scroll it all down
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Europe EuropeEurope Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe
D U T C H L A N G U A G E A R E A
Netherlands/Lowlands/Holland: mondharp,
mondharpje, mondtrom, mondtrommel,
muyltromp, mondtromp, mondtrompje, moeltromp, moeltrompje,
muiltromp, muiltrompje, troemp; Jeudy tromp and Joodse
harp [last two are
litteral translations of the word Jew’s
harp], trompen [= to play on the Jew’s harp] jeugdtromp [= youngster-Jew’s harp], snorreding[etje] [=
roaring thing], bromijzer
[= droning iron; translation from the German word Brummeisen], Oink-beest [= a beast that just says ‘oink’, a metaphor from a Dutch fairy-tale
by Nieman/Zuiderveld, 1972], Gedachtenverdrijver [= thoughts dispeller, metaphor used by Phons Bakx. 1992; is a translation into the Dutch
by the archæologist Jaap Ypey (1917-1986) from the Italian word scacciapensieri, p. 215/1976 ]; Zorgenverjager
[= dispeller of worries / also by Jaap Ypey, p. 215/1976]; speelke, speeltje [both from Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, the area of birth and childhood of the
author of this nomenclature];
Friesland: mûlharpe
F R E N C H – D U T C H T R A N S I T I O N A L L A N G U A G E S
Belgium, Walloneye/Wallonie (=Wallonym/Wallon): gawe, giww-gaww, gaww, gaw; [to play the Jew’s harp: gaw’ter, gawî, gawyî, gawté ; a Jew’s harper: gawteû], epinette, tromba
d’amore [historical/ironical names, Vanderheijden/Lemahieu], harpe juive [litteral translation of Jew’s harp], trompe-des-petit-enfants;
Belgium, Vlaanderen/Flanders: [general use] mondtrom; [from the past centuries:] teuter, tromp[e], speeltrompje, boerentromp [= farmers-Jew’s harp]; Belgium, Brabant: troemp, troempe, trompken
France: rébute [15th century], reberbe
[16th century] guimbare [obsolete]; bombarde, petite Lyre,
trompe d’Allemagne [last three in a publication from Nancy,
1779]; guimbarde,
trompe, trompe-laquais or trompe
de laquais [obsolete], joue, Jeu trompe [= tromp-playing], crancran,
trompe de Béarn, gronde [obsolete], rebube, rabube, épinette [obsolete; 1780, Laborde], trompe Juive [litteral translation of the English Jew’s
harp], tambour buccal [= mouth-tambour; obsolete]; champòrni and champoño
[Marseille], fanfornia [Nice/Provence]; champagno, guindarro, guitarro [all from Occitania]; semsonia
[14th century, Les Pyrenées];
Corsica/Corse: riberbula
A N G L O – C E L T I C / B
R I T I S H I S L A N D S
England: standard: Jew’s
harp; Iues trounk [16th century based a clerical error!]: Jue Harpes, Jue Trumpes [both
from 1481]; Iewes trump[e], iawes trump[e]; [preceding
centuries]: Jewes harp, jawes harp, Jew’s harp [since 1595], Jaw’s harp [written since 1711
in the way as Jew’s
harp is written], jaw harp, mouth-harp, horn, Jew’s horn, Jaw’s trump [written in the way as Jew’s trump is written], Jew’s trump;
crembala [Comenius, 1671]; worry
killer [a local
advertised translation from Italy, translated into English -- translation of scacciapensieri], thought dispeller [translated from scacciapensieri,
via the Dutch “Gedachtenverdrijver”,
Jaap Ypey/Phons Bakx]; phonoharp [Jew’s harp with a trumpet-like
soundhorn, in Museum ‘The Shambles’, Newent];
North-East England: gewgaw [= bauble; 1787], gew-jaw [Northumbria], Jew-gaw [the last two seem to be linguistic combined forms];
Scotland (Alba): trumpaidh, ributhe, ribup, rivupe; [four names in Gaelic [Campbell
1900]: trumb, tromb, tromp and truimb;
gewgaw; trump, trumph [last one in general use in 17th and 18th
century]; De’ils trump, Devil’s trump, Dewill’s
trump [last three names
are condemned, that’s to say, it were names given by the 16th-century
witch-hunters]; twanger [Porteous, personal], giddy
row [= awful noise; nickname by Nora Porteous, Lindsay Porteous’ mother]
Wales (Cymru, Kymria): sturmant, ystyrmant [very similar to the word instrument]; biwba, biwbo, giwga, giwgan.
Ireland (Irish Republic/Éire/Poblacht na hEireann): trumpa,
trumpadh
C I R C U M - G E R M A N L A N G U A G E A R E A S
Germany (Deutschland). standard: Maultrommel; Sumer von
Triere [poetical name, Fr.
Von Hausen, 12th century], Maultrumme [1582, Fischart], Trumme [1586], Trumm [1629], Trummeisen [1629], Maultrumpe [1654, Göring], Trummel
[1715, Weigel], Maulbrummel [1777], Mauldrumme [Schuppius], Zaubereisen
[1820, Kerner], Schnarre [1840, Schmidt], Trunsel, Trunz [both from Alsace
1907]; Mundeisen, Maulharfe, Mauldromma, Mundharfe
[last name is very
rare in German language area], Brummelstahl, Brummstahl, Brummeleisen, Brummeisen [Praetorius, 1619], Kinnbackenharfe [translation of ‘Jaw harp’], Maultrommla
[Nefflem, 1854; Schwaben], Judenharfe
[translation of
‘Jew’s harp’], Cythara Judæorum [Skinner, 18th-19th century]; Mundgeige, Maulgeige, Maulgei,
Maulóórjel, Maulorjel, Mauldrommel [all from Saarland]; Mauldrumel [Darmstadt]; Maultromme, Mauldrome, Mauldrombel, Maulorgel, Maulharmonika [all from Hessen-Nassau]; Maultrumel [Süd-Hessen] Mulldrumbe, Muldrummel,
Maultrompe, Maultrompete [all from Kassel-area]; Mülorjel [Nieder-Hessen]; Mûltrumpe [Westfalen/Niedersachsen]; Multrumpe,
Multrommel [Bergisches Land/Wuppertal, Nordharz, Ahrtal]; Multrom[m] [Elberfeld, Kleve, Kalkar,
Aachen]; Multromp [Bröltal]; Fotzenhobel
[obscene mockery
name in South-Germany]; Drombe [Siegerland]. Obvious West Slavian influences: Drumme, Drummeisen [mixed with Brummeisen]. Latin forms: Trombula, Trombola, ,
Mundharmonika [since 1792], crembalum, Aura; Sorbian or Wendish: brumla, brumljava, brumlawa, brumlado, brumlada
Switzerland (Suisse, Schweiz, Svizzera). German language area: Trumpel
[1511, Sebastian
Virdung], Trumpeln [around Basel] Trümpi [Muotatal -- a player is called here Trümpner, to play on the Jew’s harp is called trümpnen]; Tremolo
[Bosco-Gurin], Tromff, Trümmi [kanton Luzern]; Trimpi, Trimmi [both in kanton Uri], Trumbel, Muultrumme [= wrangling woman], Multrum [obsolete], Maulgeige; Muul Trummle, Muultrummle [last two in Kanton Bern],
Maltrommel [last two in
Swyzerdütsch-language];
Austria (Österreich): crembalum [1735, Hörmann], Maultrummel,
Maultumbl, Trumml, Muultrummel, Muultrummle, Zupftrumml; Twangl, Dirndl-Locka [both from Stiermarken]; Maultrumml [Pustertal]; Maulorgel, Liabeisn [both Tirol]; mockery names: Steiermärkertrommel,
Steiermärker-Trumml, Strohtrommel,
Pilsentrommel, Schlüsseltrommel,
Tschuschnharpfn, der Mentschafanga [last is from Salzburgerland]; typo-industrial names: der
Deutsche, der Ganauser, der Lyra, der Eichel
Esperanto: bûsoharpo
A L P I N E & R Ä T O – R O M A N I C L A N G U A G E S
In the French Switzerland
language area: rebibe [15th century], rbairbe,
rebaire, rebaîrbe [Freibergerland], bombarde, rebaîrbe [North Jura], rbiba, rbibe [last two from South Jura]; rbaîrbe [Freiberge], trompe de Berne.
Italian language
area: timpan, suna da bucca, trumbla [last three in Bündner Oberland and Oberhalbstein]; variations on symfonia,
Räto-Romanic: zanfòrgna, cinfòrgna, zinfòrgna;
tschamforgnia [last from Engiadina/Engadin]; schanforgna, tschinforgna [Graubünden]; North-Italian influence: spassapensieri, cacciapensiere, scacciapensieri
N O R D I C & S C A N D I N A V I A N A R E A S
Denmark (Danmark): mundharpe
[mostly meant for
mouthorgan, obsolete as meaning for Jew’s harp], Jødeharpe,
mundgige
Norway (Noreg): munnharpe (other grammatical conjugations: munnhorpe, munnhorpa, mundharpa, munnharp)
Sweden (Sverige): munngiga, mungiga, mungigan [1886], mungigor,
munharpa; obsolete: Jødeharpe [translation of ‘Jew’s harp’], giga
[1773], blånjng2 onomatopeia]
Finnland (Suomi): [Karelian]: munniharppu
(derived from the Swedish ‘munharpa’), huuliharppu [= lips harmonica or mouthorgan], huulipeli,
Suuharppu; mārīstysrauta, suurauta,
suupeli, pussipeli,
turpajurra [last is a historical name,
obsolete], taavetin harppu [= David harp; the last six names according
to Tapani Varis]; pelirauta, suupelirauta;
Lappland (Sámiid Ædnan): njálbmefiolaš [is not a native instrument to the Lapps]
Iceland (Ísland): munnharpa, gyðingaharpa, kjálkaharpa
C I R C U M – M E D I T E R R A
N E A N L A N G U A G E S
Italy (Italia). trombola, crembalum, cymbalum orale [= mouth-bell], viabò
[Lombardia,
Vincenzo Giustiani]; [mainland of the
North]: ribèba [15th century], rebebbe
[Piedmonte, 16th century], reboeba [Cremasco], biobó [1608], arbebola
[1840, Schmidt], rébebe [Cremona]; bebola, grillane, biobò [all in Toscana]; aura, zanforgna, ribeba, ribebba [all in Piemonte], brombola [Venice], harmonica, grillone, riluca; spassa pensieri [= enjoying thoughts, metaphor Bonnani, 19th
century] caccia pensiere, scaccia pensieri [= thoughts-dispeller]; variations on symphonia: ciamporgna [Piemonte], zanforgne [Modena], zampogna, sampogne [= bagpipe/equivalent for the native
bagpipe - Torino]; zanforgna, cinforgna; callaruni,
zapurra, zampurra, ganganarruni [all in Gallura]; garavlena [Romagna]; trumba, marrancuni [Campidano]; sanforgna, ribobia [both in Lombardia]; tromma, chitarra degli zingari [all in Calabria]; tromma, tromba degli zingari [all in Campania]; tintine [Friuli]; cianforma, sanforma, gianpornia [all three in Liguria];
tromma portafortuna [a lucky
charm Jew’s harp against the hex]
Sardinia (Sardegna, Sardinna): sa trunfa,
sa trumfa, sa zampurra, su piaboi
Sicily (Sicilia): [north] marranzanu
[= cricket], maranzan [according to Georg Decristel], marranzana, marranzanu sicilianu, marranzano, marranzuni, moranzano, marranzeta, marauni [Catania], marrucchinu, mariolu di fera, mariolo, mariuolu, maridu [Palermo]; [south]: ‘ngannalar[r]unni [Agrigento], calarunni, gangamarunni, ningalarunni, nghinghilarruni, angalarunni,
gnagnararrone
Greece (Elláda): organon / organon [= instrument; used as a standard name], mpiamp; mpiampώ [Greeks of Smyrna, 1840]; no Jew’s harp-tradition is known in Greece
I B E R I A N P E N I N S U A L A L A N G U A G E A R E A S
Portugal (Portugal): zamponhe;
berimbau, brimbau, birimbao [probably connected with
Bantu-word ‘imba’ = song / Ortiz, 19th
century].
Spain (España): Castilia, in general: arpa de boca [= mouth-harp], birimbao, birimago, berimbau, trompa; Aragon: sanfoina de ferrero [= blacksmith’s
hurdy-gurdy]; Catalunia (Catalunya): champorgna, sanfoina, samfoina, sampsonia, sansonia, sinfonya,
sinfonia, synfonia, pampa; birimbao, verimbao, berimbao, berembao [last 3 words obviously
connected with Bantu-notion imba,
which means ‘song’]; Asturia
(Asturias): arpa
judia, trompa [last
name also in Galicia]; Galicia: arpa
de boca, trompa de boca; Basqueland (Euskal Herria): trompa,
tronpa, tronpa musukitarra, muxukitarra,
mosu-gitarra [last three: kiss-guitar], mosumusika, aho-soinua; [there is in use also]: trompe de Béarn, trompe; Gerona: sinfoyna, samfonia, pampa; archaic names are: guimbarda,
trompa inglesia, trompa de Paris, trompa galega, guimbarda provenzal [1890s], guimbarda
napolitana [1890s]; pio poyo, pio pollo [= squeaking chicken; transferable: warbling skirt; also: girl with longings; metaphorical/mockery name
for obsolete Jew’s harp of Andalusia]
E U R O – S L A V I C L I N G U I S T I C A R E A S
dombrā,
brumbice [no references on both names]
Czech (Česka) / Slovakya (Slovensko): obsolete: crembalum,
trombola; standard: drumbla; dialects: drum’la, drombl’a, dromlja, droml’a,
drm’a, drumlica, dromblička, drnčály, bzučák [=
roaring thing], rapkač, rapčadlo [= rattle], bžundačka, břindačka, brumlačka, brnčadlo, brnkáš, brnkačka, brunda, brundica, grumbla, grumble, grumle; grmle [Horňácko], drndačka [= pluck-thing, 1598, Veleslavin]; drnkaäka; drmle [Moravské Valašsko]; [in Bohemia, on the highlands of Českomoravská Vysočina; [influence of the German ‘Brummeisen’]: brumajzla, brumejzla, brumesli železný; brumagzl [1700, Vusin], brumeisen, bruml’a,
brumbla, brumle, brumla; obsolete are: hausličky ústni [= fiddle for the mouth] [1598, Veleslavin];
Poland (Polska): drumla, dremla; [before 1650]: dromla [17th century], bromble, brumla
Sorbia (Wendowie): brumladeo
Serbia/Bosnia/Croatia standard: дромбуля/drombulja; дрмбулй/drmbulj, drombulye, drombulje; брунда/brunda; brundica, брукалика/brukalica; брукавика/brukavica; drombuljica,
drombuljice, дромбуа/drombu’a; Kajkavian dialect of Croatia: brunda [= the
grumbling one]
Slovenia: brumda, drumelza, dromlja, drumeljce, brumbize
Russia [Россйя]: standard: варган/vargan, wargan [in ancient Russian it means
“mouth of a soul” (ref. TurboZen)]
in plural form: варгани/vargani, wargani; арган/argan,
орган/organ, ворган/worgan [probably vargan and argan [and allied words] are linguistic derivations
from old Mid-Greek organ(on)/organ(on), = instrument] or from Vulgar Latin arganum [general for instruments]; notice that: vargi [Slavian] = mouth; warga [Polish] = lip; varga/vorga = mouth; means ‘to sing’ (among Lemko)]; варган-или-зубная-губанка/vargan-ili-zubnaya-gubanka [= lip-and-teeth-instrument]; зубанка/zubanka [зуб /zub = tooth; name is for Jew’s harp of Udmurt
origin], труба/truba; in official use came: хомус/khomus
[origin from
Uralic linguistic clusters];
Belaya Rus [Bielorus, White Russia]: дримба/drýmba, drïmba, várgan, varghan [East-Belarus]; вурган/ vurghan; варганисма/varghanisma [last both for Central-Belarus]; дрымба/drimba [South-Belarus]; друмла/drumla [West-Belarus]; argan;
варгас-подковка/vargas-podkovka [= horseshoe-shaped Jew’s harp]; кобза/kóbza [1879]
Ukrain (Ukrayina): дримба/drîmba; [from Hutsulshchyna:] drymba , drïmba [there’s a Ukrainian verb drymbati = to dance]; drumlya; dorombá [influence from Hungary]; worgan, órgan, várgan,
vigran, varhan, vargane [see also Russia for these last six names]
Bulgaria (България): дръмкало/ dr’mkalo; дрънкало / dr’nkalo; дръбъзък / dr’mb’z’k; драмбой/ dramboj; drombla /дромбла; drimboj /дръмбой
Rumania / Moldavia: drîmbă, drîmboaie,
drîmb, drînd, drînda, drîng; [Maramureş]: drâmbă, drâmboiu, drembà [Italic language influences in Rumania
are absent here; it’s not sure if they are obsolete]
Albania (Shqipëri): vegël tringulluese
G Y P S Y &
R O M A N I L A N G U A G E S
In Gypsy-language/Rromani ćhib: grambola [derived from the Latin form crembalum]
Pan-America Pan-America Pan-America Pan-America Pan-America Pan-America Pan-America
North-America.
United States of America: standard: Jew’s harp;
Jaw’s harp, Jew’s horn [last two
written in the way as Jew’s harp is written]; juice harp [Texas, 1940-ies]; jaw harp, Jaw harp, horn, Irish harp, trump [1982, Frederick Crane]; Snoopy harp [nickname by Bilyeu], Whitlow harp [industrial tradename of a maker], Juce harp [1837], Jewsaphone [= megaphonic Jew’s harp, Gohring], Ozark-harp, Dusie Harp
[industrial Jew’s harp-name, for radio
& orchestral work, 1950], Mouth harp, Juice organ, harp, Jewish harp, Jewish mouth harp, Jew-harp,
Jewsharp, Jews heart, mouthfiddle; marranzano pancake, Omaha
Flapjack; Louisiana [Cajuns]: ruine-babines
[originated from the French language of
Nouvelle France, Canada] Canada, Quebec: bombarde [most common use; the name is the same as the little oboe in Brittany [Bretagne, France] or the lowest drone
of an organ]; Acadia (French parts of New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia
and Prince Edouard Island): bombarde. In the beginning of 1900-ies: trompe, brise-babine, musique de gueule; bombarlouche (the word
bombarlouche has been introduced in 1930 by singer Madame Bolduc (1894-1941)
in her song ‘Mon Vieux est Jaloux’, in
which she demonstrates the Jew’s harp as a bombarlouche itself. It’s a
transfromation of bombarde; trompe [Nouvelle-France, 1698-1699 / in Montreal-area, 1919]; guimbarde [like the French in Europe], ruine-babine
[more in use for mouth
harmonica but also for Jew’ s
harp], , rebuth
[Nouvelle-France, 17th/18th century], gronde [historical name, around 1700]
Nunavut: qanirvaluutik [Inuit-language recorded at Baie
d’Ungava]
Central-America
Cuba: trompa [obsolete], birimbao, trompa de Paris;
Haiti: militô [derived from French mirliton]
Costa Rica: arpa de hocico
South-America. standard: trompa; marimbula, marimbao [for the last two names the location and language
are not known here]
Venezuela: trompa goajira [among Goajira-indians];
Columbia: turompa
Brasil: trompa [obsolete] berimboca, harpa de boca, berimbau de boca;
Chile: trompe, torompe, xompe, xompo [last three among Mapuche-people], colobrina [in Quatrahue, Malleco
Province];
Argentina: trompa,
trompo, trompita, torompe, billimboa; yapinah,
ñaipini [= mosquito for the last two], tsonaj [= hummingbird], talú’pa,
séli pasát [= bird-call], [last five names among Araucano/Mataco-indians, Chaco Gualamba]; kadoheidé [among Tobas/Pilagás], vat’aohanché [among Chulupí];
Bolivia: mapuíp [precolumbian Jew’s harp, among nomadic
Bauré-indians, East-Bolivia];
Peru: pirutu [official name in the Quecha-language], gualamban
[Toba-indians]
Asia Asia Asia Asia Asia
Asia Asia
Persia: qopuz [15th
century], zamburak, zanboorak, زنبورك
Turkye:
aghz tanbūrasī,
ağiz muzikasi [notwithstanding the lack of a
Turkish Jew’s harp-tradition, still two official names could be found]
Israel, official use in Hebrew: nevel pe, נבל פה
For the remaining part there
were no original Jew’s harp-traditions in the area of the Middle
East
Afghanistan: čang, chang, ﭽﺧﮓ
[= harp,
common among Pashtus];
cheng, tchang, chang ko’uz, čangko’uz [Uzbek]; qobiz
[Turkmen];
Pakistan: cang, chang [Sindh];
India, Central- and North-: morchang,
munchang, mōōrchang, monchanga,
murchang, murčang, mochanga, morchanga, morchank, mučanga, khanrong
South-India: morsing [in Karnataka, in Andhra Pradesh], mōōrsing, mursing, moursing, morshingu [all combined forms of mouth
and horn = srnga]; mourching,
morching
Rajasthan: morcha,
changari [= small Jew’s harp], ghoraraju
[Rhatwa-people in South-Gujarat], ghoraliyo, ghorāliyau, ghodyũ, ghodyun [all bamboo Jew’s harps; Kalbelia-cast];
Madya Pradesh, Bashtar-region: tendor, tendohor,
kach-tendohor [iron & bamboo Jew’s harp-types;
Muria-tribes];
Bangladesh/Bengal: yangroi [Lesa-population]; vazang [is made of wood; Bampara-population];
Kerala: mukhar-shanq [= mouth-conch];
Assam: gaganā, gonggina, goúgina, gogona [Garo-population], ka
mien [Khasi-people in
the Meghalay-province], jangroi, yheku, mazin [last one is in use in Nagaland];
Deccan: tonda ramma [in use among the Chenchu-tribes];
Tamil Nadu: mugar-sing, நாமுழவு, அல்லது, முகச்சங்கு;
Nepal: kha-wan(g)
[Dolpo-pa-tribe/Thakali-tribe]; binaiyo, binayo, malingo [last one is made out of cane; last three
names among the Nepalese population];
чангу / tchangu, reké [made
out of rush], machinga, murchunga, murcungā [last 5 names in use among
Sunawar-population]; macúnga, machúnga [Rai-population]; murjanga [Tamang-population]; kom-i [Limbu-population]; kha-rna [= mouth-tambourine; Thakali-population, South-Tibet], srug-ma [made out of rush-straw], tsampa [made out of barley-straw; the last three names among the Tukucha
(Tukucha also live in Tibet)]; gon kap [Tamang-population in the Timal-region]
B A L T I C A R E A S
/ F I N N O - U G R I A N L A N G U A G E S
Estonia (Eesti): mynn harpa [Swedish languaged popul.], пармупилль/parmupill [= bumble bee, horse-fly], konnappill [= frog; from metal], suupill [made out of bone; compare Ostyak- & Vogul-names in Siberia], su pill; lotsa-pill;
Lithuania (Lietuva): dambras, bandūrēlis [= metal], bandúrka;
šeivjale, šeivéle;
Latvia (Latvija): zobasse, zóba spéles [= teeth-play], bandúra,
zobasse [= metal]; варгас / várgas,
варгана / várgana, wárgana; варганс / várgans [Jew’s harp playing: варганат/varganat; for original sources, see Russia]
Hungary (Magyarorsźag): doromb [from dorombol = vibrate; doromb játék = to play on the Jew’s harp], drimba,
szaj-doromb; dorong, dongó [last two are in dialect and in
use on the pushta]
U R A L I C
L A N G U A G E S
The linguistic forms, as a name
for the Jew’s harp, present in Eurasiatic, Ob-Ugrian, Uralic and in some
Turco-Altaic or any other palaeo-siberian language cluster, can be related to
three different meanings of the name: 1. as a string[instrument]; 2. as a
throat[resonator]; 3. as a name for an insect (specifically because of the
roaring noise)] – among Chuvash: вархан/varkhan; varám-túna, varám-túma, warchan; палнай/palnay,
kúpas [= musquito; a metal Jew’s harp]; among Mari: kovïzh,
kovýzh, kabás, kabásh, umshá-kovh;
Kirghiz: темир комуз/temir
komuz, temir komouz [= iron lute], ooz-komuz [= mouth-lute], kïguatch
coz komouz, kobys-chungur; komus [= cockchafer]; жигач-ооз-комуз / jigatch-ooz-komuz, жыгач ооз комузе/ zhygach ooz komuze;
Armenia/Hayastan/Հայաստան: бэрни вин/berni vin;
Turkestan: among Turkmen: гопуз/gopuz, kобус/qobus,
qobiz, kopys, kовуз/qowuz, гапыз/gapyz; among the Khazaks: шан-обыз/shan-kobyz, шон-кобыз / shon-kobyz, kil-kobyz, komyz, komous, kabys, koubys; among
the Tatars: кубиз/kubiz [influence
from Finno-Ugrian origin], kobus, kubýz, komys; among the Bashkirs: кубыз/ kubýz, кумыз/kumýz, kumýs; agách-kubýz, agách-kumýz [last two are made out of wood], темир кумыз / temir kumyz, агас кумыз /agas kumyz; temir-kubýz,
temir-kumýz [last two are made out of iron]; among
the Udmurt: zubánka, umkrés; among the Sojots: koms [1895,
Ostrowskich] kozulun-komys [recorded by Emsheimer]; qowuz, qobus; among the Uzbek: cang kavuz, ceng kavuz, чанг-кобуз/chang-kobus,
chang-kavuz, temir-chang, chang-ko’uz, чангковуз/ changkovuz; among the Tadjik: tschang kobus, chang-kobuz,
temir-chang, changi zanona; at the borders of the river Jinesei: kiguatch coz komous;
C I R C U M - S I B E R I A N L A N G U A G E A R E A S
Altai/Алтай: комос / komos; temir-komus, kobys-tyunyur [its name is compared to a tambourine], komys [=
cockchafer] khomouss; ат-комыс / at-komys, кой-комус / koj-komus,
тая комус / taia komus,
челер комус / cheler
komus;
Tuva/Тыва: temir-khomus,
эяаш-хомýс / əyásh-khomús, дая-хомýс / daya-khomus [last two are made out of honeysuckle-tree],
söösken-khomus [made out of the mountain rose-willow], charty-khomus [consists of a flat chip of wood], yjach-chomus, yiash khomus [last three names for wooden Jew’s harps], demir-khomus
or demir-xomus [made of iron]; kuluzún-khomús and kuluzún-komýs [both: wooden, needle-shaped
Jew’s harps]; sheler khomus [wooden or bone Jew’s harp with
a string for contraction], kabás; Khakasi-population: khomouss, тимир-хомус / timir-khomus, темир-комус / temir-khomus;
Yakutia/Sakha/Саха: timir khomus, хомус / khomus, мас хомус /mas khomus; Kachinz-popul.: koms; common in Samoyedic
languages: komis; Ostyak/Vogul: túmra,
tómra [both from wood]; suuptúmran [made from bone]; also present [from a Turco-Persian root]: qobis;
Buriats [Irkutsk]:
хур / khuur, khur [= string]; Dolgan-area: khomús,
барган / bargan, баргаан / bargaan, унгуох барган / unguoch bargan;
North-East Siberia [populations]: Nanai: kunká, kungkhá [to play the Jew’s harp = kung], konká, konkáy, muené, pangapoan
[the last name emphasizes
the needle-shape], муэнэ / muene, мэнгэ / menge, кунгха /kungkha, пангапоан / pangapoan; конкай / konkai; Udzgejch-population: кункай / kunkai, конгкой / kongkoi, момо кункай / momo kunkai; Manegre-popul., Upper Amur-delta: kamuti [bronze Jew’s harp]; among the Ainu of Sachalin: mukkuna,
moexkoena; Oroks: кунга / kungá [made of metal], muhonyu; мухае / mukhae, кункай / kunkaj; the Nivch: quingon,
quongon, quoŋgoŋ,
жаканга
/ zakanga, канга / kánga, vychranga [vych = metal], koj
kan/кой
кан , khozón, конгонг / kongong, конгоонг / kongoong, выч-ранга / vytch-panga, кунгахкеи / kungakhkei; Even: кункон / kunkon [an idioglot type], kóngkukan, гявкан / gyavkán, баргавун / bargavun, гаукан / gaukan, игун / igun; Negidal: конкихи / konkikhi, конгкихи / kongkíkhi [kon(g) = morpheme for a characteristic sound, kl = to let it sound, khi = suffix that creates the noun], мухэнэ / mykhene; Oroch: кункай / kunkai, кунгкай / khungkái, кунган / kunkan [kun = a onomatopoetic morpheme, kan = to let it sound] мухэнэ / mykhene,; Udegei: kongkoy [a metal Jew’s harp,
idioglot/heteroglot], kunkay, kunkey; kumikáye [= wooden Jew’s harp]; among the Ul’chi: кункай / kunkai, кунгай / kungay, панга / panga [= metal], mugkhény, мухэлэ / mukhene; Evenki: кордавун / kordavun, kongipkévun, kondyvkon, кэнгипкэвун / kengipkévun [all are Jew’s harps cut out of
bone]; panár, purgip-kavun, pangár, tergil bakávun [all are metal Jew’s harps], конгипкавун / kongikavun, пургипкаун / purgipkaun, пэрнипкэвун / perinpkevun, тэргилбакаун / tergiabakaun,
пэнгипкэвун / pengipkevun, пангэвкаун / pangevkaun; Sel’kup: pəŋgar [Wasson, 1968], punggar,
пынур/pýnyr [=
buzzer; pynyrko = to buzz], al’pýnyr [= mouth-buzzer], kezyl pýnyr [= metal buzzer], pol’pýnyr
[= wooden buzzer] кызыл-пыныр / kyzyl-pynyr, поль-пыныр / poly-pynyr; Kereki: ваннэ яй / vannè yay; Koryak/Itelmen/Chukchi: варыга / varyga, ваарган / vaargan; ванни-яяр/vanni-yayar, ванны ярар / vanni-yarar, ванни-яяй / vanni-yayay; the Chukchi also use: зубной бубен/zubnoi buben [last two names mean teeth-tambourine] ванны ярар (дерево, кость, металл, китовый ус); Kets: пумыл /pumyl, pyml, lyumel’ [made of wood or bone], пымель / pymel’, пымыль / pymyl’; Nenet- (or Nench)-population: вывко/vývko [=
hummer]; Tuvinchi: демир-хомус / demir-khomus, темир-хомус / temir-khomus, чарты хомус / charty-khomus, ыяш-хомус / ýyash-khomus, кулузун комус / kuluzun-khomus [bamboo]; Khanti/Mansi: тумран / tumran, тамрэ / tamre, тамрянг / tamrjang, томра / tomra, тумрэ /tumre; Yukagir: ванна ангананг / vanna anganang
Mongolia/Монгол Улс: Buriat-people [obsolete names for shaman-Jew’s harps]: aman-chur, аман хуур / aman khuur, amon khor, aman tobshuur [all four meaning: lip-string; in present these names are
associated with the Jew’s harp and also with the mouth-harmonica; chur [Cyrillic хур or хор = khur or khor] can be connected with Churši Noon/Хурсы Нун, the ‘Lord of the
Iron Strings’ and the Jew’s harps among the Buriat-shamans], booglin [shaman Jew’s harp]; temür khuur, temür-chur, tömör
khuur, tömör xuur, tömör hel khuur [brass Jew’s harp], təmər khor [all four meaning iron string], хулсанр хуур / khulsang khuur, хулсан хуур / khulsan khuur, hulsan hel khuur [last three for a bamboo Jew’s harp], тəмəр аман хуур / tömör aman khuur, thel khuur, хел хуур / khel khuur [= tongue fiddle, name for a wooden Jew’s
harp]; kuru [last in Manchur-language]; jil
khör [= tongue-string or language-string; Darkhat-population]; yassan khor [Jew’s harp made
of a bone]
T I B E T O – B I R M A N &
J A P A N E S E L A N G U A G
E S
Nippon, Nihon, 日本 (Japan): mukkuri, koukin [= mouth-harp], ko-kin [previous three are standard for the Japanese
language]; kutsibiwa, kuchibiwa [= buzzing lute; Honsiu]; kuti
no koto [= mouth-zither], mukkuna [Ainu-people, Sachalin], Ainu-mukkuri,
mukkuri [made of sabita-
wood, among Ainu-people, Hokaido], mookh-kuri;
kannimukur, kanimukkuri [last two are metal Jew’s harps among Ainu-people, Hokaido]; kyakon, biwabon, biyabon [from Portugese linguistic origin - obsolete
now]
China,
中國: standard words: k’u
k’in, kiou-kin, kou-qin; kou
xiang, kouxian [= 3- or 4-bladed mouth strings], gue
gueq [three small
bamboo Jew’s harps played together in one set, among Naxi-people]; kuhuang, zhuzhi kouhuang [= bamboo Jew’s harp], jinshu
kouhuang [=
metal Jew’s harp]; hoho [among the Yi-people]; k’ou-hsien; standard for North-China: k’o-chin,
k’ou-ch’in, koqin, k’o-ch’in, kuqin [all connected with the Japanese name koukin]; Yun Nan:  kouhuang qin,  yòu chēng kŏu huáng,  kŏu xián,  zuĭ qín, huang, hwang [the last two are derived from the archaic notion g’wâng
= free reed], tieyehuang [obsolete iron-leaf Jew’s harp; Ch’en Yang, ±
anno 1094], helang [bamboo Jew’s harp; Wa-popul.], tushihuohuo [2-lamellae-Jew’s harp], magahuohuo [3-lamellae-Jew’s harp], sixuanhuohuo [4-lamellae Jew’s harp], longgûh or long-gê
[3 or 4-lamellas
Jew’s harp, sometimes made from bullet-cases; Yi-population]; zhai [bamboo/metal
Jew’s harp; Li-population, Hainan];
South-China: ²kwuo-¹kwuo, ³k’a-²kwuo-¹kwuo [last
name is plucked bamboo Jew’s harp of the Na-khi], ¹dta-²kwuo-¹kwuo [chord-tracted
wooden Jew’s harp of the Nakhi; also among Ta-li-Minchia in Yun Nan]; ncav
[in the white
dialect among White-Hmong in the Guangxi Zhuang-district]
Vietnam/Việt Nam: tuong
[Are-population]; tong, pang teu ing [Muong-population]; kong-kle, kon hle [made out of teak-wood, Sedang-tribe], rhnui [last three names of
Sedang-population]; ngoêc, nggoec [iron Jew’s harp;
Mnong-/Muong-gar-population]; goeh, göch [Rhadé-population]; guat [Roglai-population]; rabn cas [general name among the Hmong]; toung
[among Koho-,
Maa-, Sre-population]; goc, gôč [from the area of Viet Boc, Ede-tribe]; đoc tau đan môi, đan môi,
đan môi tre, đan môi sat [four names among
Black-Hmong and Flower-Hmong (or Hua Miao) - explanations: đan = instrument; môi = lips; tre = wood; sat = metal]; röding jörai,
röding [Jörai-population]; hoon toeng [Thai-population]; djam [Sa Pa-district, N-Vietnam]
Taiwan/中华民国: ku-chin
[in general, under
influence of the Chinese culture]; tiv2,
datok [last one is made with a brass lamella in a
wooden frame; both names from the Ami-tribes, East Taiwan] tubuw
sepat, tubu sepatz [bamboo-Jew’s harp with three
or four metal lamellas; among the Seedeq-tribes] – among the Atayal-tribes: lubu [a
general word], lubu qaw qaw [one-lamella Jew’s harp], balaz duluk [four-lamellae Jew’s harp], duk dulduk,
sain duluk [half wood/half metal Jew’s
harp, tuned in secund major] robo [bamboo Jew’s harp with 4
lamella’s of metal]; - among the
Bunun-tribes: honghong
Cambodia/ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា: angkuoch, ankuoċ [Angkor-Wat; in use among Kuy-people in Preah Vihear-area, border of Thailand]; nvatt [Bönon]
Birma/Pyidaungsu Myanma Naingngandaw: gougina,
gaganā, gonggina [last three of the Garo-popul.]; mago [a
three Jew’s harp-set for playing simultaneously; Lisha-tribe, Šan-state]; chæi [single bar Jew’s harp among
Lakhers]; t’xe [among Karen-tribes]; pyē,
pau, hoon toeng [last 4 names in use at the Lisu of Šan-state];
Tibet / བོད་: k’api [obsolete from the Salouen-valley];
kha-rnga [Tukucha-population]; kuxxé [string pulled brass Jew’s
harp], bangsu [bamboo Jew’s harp], kavrang
[Jew’s harp made
out of iron];
Laos / ລາວ: rab ncas, tōi [made out of brass; both names
in use among Hmong-populations]; hūn [Lao-population]; anking
[in use among the
Maram]; hroong [among the Khmu Ou-people in the Highlands
of North-Laos];
Thailand / ราชอาณาจักรไทย
: ata [Lahu-population]; saga2
[general; an
influence from Sumatra]; jong
nong/จ้องหน่อง [in use in Central-Thailand]; yangong [last name was recorded of a wooden type longer than
100 cm!], shong nong; rab ncas, tōi [out of wood; both names from Hmong-populations.]; huen/หืน [in use in
Northeast-Thailand]; hūn toong [Akha-people], hūn [Lao-population]; a¯hta˘
[in use among the
Lahoe-nyi of Northeast Thailand]; kèmbal
[Aryanaprathet – corrupted from the
French ‘guimbarde’]
I N S U L A R L A N G U A G E S S O U T H – E A S T A S I A
Some general proper names: dongke, oedjang, krindingan
Indonesia: génggong [standard Bahasa],
harpa mulut [Bahasa-translation of the Dutch word mondharp (former colonial language in Indonesia)]
Bali & Lombok: génggong lanang [made out of arèn-palmwood or pohon jako-wood;
tuned in a masculin principle] génggong wadon [made out of arèn-palmwood, in a feminine tuned-principle]; for Jew’s harp-orchestration on these two islands: gamelan
gengénggonggan = Jew’s harps-orchestra]; ginggong, djing-gong,
gengon, gingon [last 4 words from Malaysian origine];
Bali: génggong klopokan [= bamboo Jew’s harp with clapper at the end of the string – according
to Kindwald this type is very rare nowadays]; selobér
[plucked Jew’s
harp, was obsolete in Bali, but the type seems to have a revival in its
production]
Lombok: génggong sassak [among Sassak-population]; antèr,
antèl [name for a metal Jew’s harp among the Sassak
in East-Lombok]; slober, sélober [just found in a single community]
Sumatera / Sumatra: hodong2 [= leaf-stalk aren palm; Simalungun-Bataks]; popo, gogo [in Aceh, among Gayo], djouring, juring [Lampung-Krui-area], saga2, zagah2 [Pakpak- and Douring-popul.];
Djawa / Java: karinding
awi [bamboo Jew’s harp
of Sunda], karinding
[Jew’s harp of
arènpalmleaf, with forked (double) lamella, Sunda]; rinding,
rinding wesi [wesi
= iron], karinding besi, karinding beusi [besi, beusi = iron], karèng [made out of bamboo; 5 last names from Central-Java]; karinding
rakit [three-lamellas
Jew’s harp of wood, Baduy-popul., Bantam-Sunda], karinding towel (innovation by Asep Nata), bahan bambu (Central-Java); grinding [three-lamellas Jew’s harp]; the
three-lamellae specimens have to be intoned by beating the thumb on the base of the frame.
Madura: ginggung
East-Java: génggong
Borneo / Kalimantan: gariding,
tahoentong, garinding [Dayak], stobung [Land-Dayak]; engsulu, rudieng sulu [both among Lake-Dayak]; aping [Kayan-tribe], tong buweh [Modang]; kuriding [among Banjar-people in Tanah-Laut, Hulu Sangai and Banjar Bakula, all in South-Kalimantan]; rudieng, giriding, teruding, dongke, gendang untuk ‘mulit’ [general use]; uding,
uring
Mentawai Island: jajaok,
jejoak
Nias-north: duri
Nias-south: druri
bewe
Flores: ginggong,
kědang [19th-centuried
Jew’s harp, location: Larantuka, made by Solor-people from Lamahala], gènggo,
robe [very small Ngadanese Jew’s harp of palmwood], égo [Central-Flores], lědo [Riangwulu], wěda [Paluwé isl.]; in the Nagé-language: wěto [Boawaé], kobèng [Mbai]; in the Manggarai regency: nèntu [Rutèng], kombing
[Rajong] – (all Flores names collected by Jaap Kunst,
1942);
Sumba: nggunggi
Timur: nago oa [of bamboo], knobé,
knobé-oh [Central-Timor], nago besi [of iron], keit
besi [= iron blade],
Timór Lorosa’e (East-Timor): pepuro, pepur; [Atauro-island] karkeit, kakeit
Bonerate: rinda [made
out of bamboo];
Sulawesi:
- Tengah (Minahasa): oli [orkes oli = name for a Jew’s harps-orchestra];
- Tana Toraja (= Land of Toraja’s): karombii, karombi [Sa’dang-Torajas]; pa’karombi, waringi [among Torajas in general],
- Central Sulawesi: yori, kayori [Kailinese area];
- Sulawesi Utara: pare [Tomini-culture, North Sulawesi];
Butung [Buton] Island/Pulau Butung: ore-ore mbondu, ore ngkale;
Muna Island / Pulau Muna: karinta
Maluku / Moluccas: kiomie [Nualu-culture];
Aru Islands: berimbak [Portugese influence from berimbau]; Buru-isl.: tingkobi [made from jagan aren-palmwood], woringi [Torajas]
Pilipinas / Philippines: alibaw, olat, onat, onnat [last three names are for a brass Jew’s harp-type]; kulang, barimbao, barimbo, kulang [last one is made out of bamboo;
last three names in use among Tagalog-population]; arimbo [last
name of Spanish influence]; kinaban [Hanunóo-tribe]; ab-a-fu, abáfyu,
abafiu, ab-a-fü, abafiw, aphiw, afiw [all words belong to the Bontoc-Igorot dialect]; bikung, bi’ung, biqqung, bikkung, guyd, guyud [are brass Jew’s harp; last six
names in use among Ifugao-tribes of Kiangan and Banaue]; kulaiñg [Kotabato-tribe
of Tirurai]; giwong, onat, ulibao, ulibaw, kebing, kobing [Maranao], kubing [in use among Manobo-, Lanao-, Kalinga-populations]; kumbing [Ubo- and T’boli-tribes, Lake Sebu, South-Cotabato]; balingbao [made
out of bamboo; Bagobo-population; derived from the Old-Spanish birimbao]; kolibao,
conlibao, konlibao, kalibao [all four Tingguian-culture in Luzon], purivan [made out of bamboo], agiweng [made out of brass; last five names among
Tinguian-population]; ko-ding [Ibaloy-tribe]; kulimbau [common name among the Igorot]; aroding [Palawan]; aru-ding [Tagbanua] kolibau [Tingguian]; kulaing [Yakan]; kading, koding [Igorot-tribes of Nabaloi]; subing,
subiñg [in use among the
Bisayan, Philippinos and Iraya-Mangyan tribes of Mindoro; the subing consists of two privy parts: tiwtiw = lamella, penis; ateg = frame, vagina]; kulibao [made out of an unknown sort of wood; in use among
Negritos/ Baluga]; oribao [Isneg-population]; ediokeko [in use on the island Enggano; obsolete now]
Malaysia:
Sarawak [Borneo]: teruding, bungkau, bungkao [both in use among the Dusun-people], gěruděng, giriding [Iban-Dayak]; rudien sulu, ensutu [out of metal; both names among
the Lake- or Sea-Dayak], junggotan, jinggong [last two among Bedayuh-popul.], stobrou
[Moro, Sulu Archip.];
Sabah [Borneo]: bungkau [Kadazan people], turiding;
Malaya Peninsula [Semenanjung Tanah Melayu]: ginggoeng [an acculturated name from Indonesia and insular
Southeast-Asia, in use among the protomalayan tribes such as the Jakun]; anoin [of
protomalayan origin, in use among the Orang Seman-population]; juring rangguin, gingon [Senoi, Sakai, Temiar]; jyrin [Kelantan-district]; genggong sakai [Sakai-tribes]; rangoyd [Lanoh-tribe]; rangun [Jahai-population]
Melanesia Melanesia Melanesia Melanesia Melanesia Melanesia Melanesia
Vanuatu / New Hebrides: tawaya [made from the bark of the native cabbagetree]; Espiritu Santo Island: gilgil (name
for a heteroglottic precursor of the Jew’s harp)
Solomon Islands: Nissan: mabu; Malaita: kwadili [To’abaita-tribe]; Buka: ookooko;
Santa Isabel: neve; Bougainville: tankuvani, kove-kove [Rotokas], kong-kong [Halia]; Norfolk Island: mike
Bismarck Archipelago / New Britain: kaur [= bamboo; Gazelle Peninsuala]; New Ireland: ngab [King-tribe];
Niugini / Papua New Guinea: standard and most common in use: susap [Pidgin
for Jew’s harp]; general in use,
but without special references: harim susap, pom-pom, pumbune, bom-bom, kalinguang, galinquang,
ding dong; tambagl [Chimbu-tribe, Kuman-language]; gwb
[Kalam people]; uluna, [Bosavi-Kaluli], tambag [Angalimp-Minj-tribes]; silib [Yuri-culture]; tofugo, tofuro,
tofugona [all from the Jate- (or Yate-) language-area]; hirima [in Tairora-language area]; tombagl [Meaim language-area]; lino, lin, ngau [all three in Enga language-area]; abid [Waina-culture]; fomikaue [Jagaria language-area]; hotoro [Ino language area]; wege [in Dumaka-language,
Onuma-region, prov. Chimbu]; tapalle Simbu/Jiwaka-district.
Papua, Papoea / West-New
Guinea: tungge; toka2 [little Jew’s harp], momborsa [tall Jew’s harp; the last two found in the language of Samarokena,
district Sarmi, Apauwer-river];
Central New Guinea: tabale [Golin, in the Dom language area], tàblimé [Salt-Yui]; Eastern Highlands: wano
[Agarabi], futjien wakan [Asmat-tribes], ontoi, ontóímá [Auyaana-Kosena], ponro [Awa], pirandaza [Barua], sipilohi [out of bamboo; Bena-Bena], ondösa [Binumarien], ogíné [Foré], ondo’ni
[Gadsup], mbalavala [Asaro], tapelle [woman’s Jew’s harp, bamboo - Chimbu
or Simbu border near Jiwaka province], hónto [Kamano, in Kafé-language, Kainnatu district], hóndo [among
Karafu, in Kafé-language], hontua [Kanite], kóí [Siane], oqoka [Tairora], oqtóma [Usarufa]; East-Sepik: bobuhul [Bahinemo]; turbei [Tekin Valley] ’savyk,
sapyt [last two names among the Iatmul]; Star Mountains, West-Sepik: susaf; Madang: dumbing,
ken ndombing [Surio]; Dreikikir-district: binatang [precursor of the
Jew’s harp as a buzzing sagobeetle, among the Wom- or Wam-speaking tribes]; Milne Bay: veve [Daga]; Morobé-district: begnankr [Snake Valley, Buang-pop.], madarang
[Adzera]; begog, agis [= little cord; both from the Buang], biy goy-goy, horouves [Kunimaipa], bajoog [Manga-Buang], kolanduwei [Biangai], siringa [Waffa], begu [Suena], tompupae
[= penis;
Wajokeso/Ampale], wilimp [Weri], bigon
[Dani]; the North: pupuaka
[Managalasi], bebetoe [Upper Managalasi], bemudo, bigoru [both among the Yareba]; Biak/Tanah Merah/Lake Sentani (Papoea): songer; pipo, bibo [both among the Roro-tribes]; Southern Highlands:
moio; hili
yula [Huli-tribes], dameno
[Foi-tribe in Kutubu]; Western Highlands: ŋawmbo [Narak], gabudi [Kobon], gaub [Mareng], tambat
[Wahgi]; West-Sepik: ‘mengugo [Amanab], talaam [Tifalmin], tálaam
[Telefomin], n’džondžo [Washkuk], tibár [Watapor]; Northeast: tanguri [Bariai], pingoru [Orokaiva]; Geza-region: darumbere, darubiri [turnip-shaped Jew’s harp of bamboo/wood], dàrombi;
Portugese part of
New Guinea: balimbo [derived from berimbau]
Polynesia Polynesia Polynesia Polynesia Polynesia Polynesia
Polynesia
&
Micronesia Micronesia Micronesia Micronesia Micronesia Micronesia Micronesia
Polynesia: standard name: utété
Marquesas Islands: utété, ukēkē,
tita’a kohe, titapu
Hiva Oa: titapu
Rabi: karebwerebwe
[= to tap;
Jew’s harp-precursor made from a coconut midrib leaf + strip of palm-leaflet]
Tonga: utété, mokena
Cook Islands: pokakakaka [Aitutaki]; tangi ko’e [Mangaia]; vivo [Puka-Puka/Tuamotu or Danger
Islands]
Aotearoa/New Zealand: rooria, rōria, kukau, pakakau; pakuru, paakuru [the last two are obsolete when made out of wood; it was beaten
with a wooden bar of 15cm; later there was a survival but then the instrument
was made of metal and, even more, of whalebone]
Rarotonga: titapu
Samoa: utété
Hawaii Islands: nī‘au kani [= singing splinter, singing shiver], utété, ukēkē [all obsolete]
Micronesia:
Caroline Islands/Palau: tum tum ra
lild; Polowat, Pollap, Pulusuk-islands: filipwow [from recording collection: Micronesian Music Project, 1979]; Chuuk: filipwow, tinipwow [Brian Diettrich, 2009: 305];
Pohnpei Island/Pingelap Island: susap, didipwiapw
[Diettrich, 2011: 226/ the last name was probably imported from Pingelap atoll], keseng [a
general term for “sound producer” / Christian 1899]
Marian Archipelago: belembaupachot [influence from Portugese berimbau]; Guam: belémban-bátchot
[Portugese
influence; Chamorro-popul.]
Oceania: in general use: tanleo, paidama, kalinguong
Africa Africa Africa Africa Africa
Africa Africa
Congo: muzumbi [made out of raffia-leave]
Niger/Nigeria: bambaro
[Songhay-tribe]; bamboro, zagada [last: foreign import,
obsolete; both were from European origin; Jew’s harps among Zamfara-Haoussa
tribes]
Niger: biliaro [Haoussa-tribes]
Nigeria: aduvut [ ▼ vary rare, venecular wooden type among the
Rukuta-population]
 
Tanzania: koma [instrument that has parallels to the Jew’s
harp; it is made of bali-wood; Tanganyika, Shambala-tribe]
Burkina Faso: dondoluru [native mouth-lamella; Fulbe-tribes];
Cameroun: bomboro [from European origin], boomaro [Fulani];
Malagasy Republic/Madagascar: lokanga
viva [vernacular name
but obsolete among Betsileo-/
Merina-/Hova-population]
Ethiopia, Eritrea: manarve [= mouth-lamellae – a vernacular name but
obsolete now; a relict in the Barya-language] namarue
[no special
geographical reference on this name, but it is very similar to the obsolete
name from Eritrean Barya-language]
South Africa: seku beku, setjoli [both are present among Sotho-population]; isitolotplo;
isi tholotholo, isi thwelethwele [both are present among Xhosa
and Zulu-populations]; in Afrikaans: trompie
_____
This paragraph is for the one who has noticed that there are more names
for the Jew’s harp, but not mentioned in this booklet.
When you are that person, we invite you to send us those names [with -
as much if possible - information about the place,
the people, languages, islands, nations, reference, year et cetera].
Please write to the e-mail address:
phonsbakxatantropodiumdottweakdsldotnl
Or
to: Stichting / Foundation Antropodium - Lijsterbeslaan 19 - 4334 BM - Middelburg - The Netherlands
-------------
References in Literature
1. Vertkov, Konstantin et alii 1975. The Jew’s
harp in the Soviet Union [translation:
Leonard Fox]. In: Atlas Muzukal’nykh
Instrumentov Narodov SSSR [2nd,
revised and enlarged edition]. Moscow.
[In: VIM 3, 1987, p. 39-59];
2. Crane, Frederick 1982. Jew’s [Jaw’s? Jeu? Jeugd? Gewgaw? Juice?] Harp. In: VIM 1. Iowa City [USA]. p. 29-41; VIM 9. Mt.
Pleasant. P. 3
3. Boone, Hubert 1986. De Mondtrom. De
Volksmuziekinstrumenten in België en Nederland. Brussel. p. 9-11, 51;
4. Plate, Regina 1992. Bezeichnungen
für die Maultrommel. In: Kulturgeschichte
der Maultrommel. Bonn. Orpheus-Schriftenreihe, Band
64, p. 119-158, 231-235;
5. Chenoweth, Vida 1976. Musical Instruments of Papua New Guinea. Ukarumpa.
p. 14-20;
6. Marcuse, Sibyl 1964. Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary. Garden City. p.
264-265, s.v. Jew’s harp
7. Wright, John/McLean, Mervyn 1984. The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. London. Vol. II, p.
326-328, s.v.: Jew’s harp.
8. Dournon-Taurelle, Geneviève/Wright, John 1978. Les Guimbardes du Musée de
l’Homme [Catalogue]. Institut d’Ethnologie.
Paris. Passim p.
9. Ypey, Jaap 1976. Mondharpen.
Amersfoort. uitg.:
Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundige Bodemonderzoek [R.O.B.] - p. 209-231, in: Antiek, nr. 11 [1976/1977]
- UFSIA: MAG – T 277:87
10. V.I.M.-Volumes, editor Frederick
Crane – for overview click here: http://www.antropodium.nl/allVIMs.htm#oversightvim
11. Bachmann-Geiser, Brigitte 1981. Die Volksmusikinstrumente der Schweiz. Zürich. p. 38-40
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